Cybercrime in Indonesia Essay Example for Free

Cybercrime in Indonesia EssayEven if Indonesia has not ratified or signed the Convention on Cybercrime yet, officially Indonesia has enforced almost all cyber crime provisions set forth in the Convention. These provisions are set out in several articles in police No. 11 Year 2008 on Information and Electronic Transaction. The seven provisions, among new(prenominal)s offense related to child pornography, illegal gate, illegal disguiseception, data interference, system interference, profane of devices, and computer related forgery. The provisions of computer-related fraud and attempt and aiding or abetting are no longer regulated under this Act due consideration has been accommodated by the existing provisions in the Penal Code. Likewise, some offenses related to infringements of copyright and related rights are deemed to have been sufficiently set forth in the honor on Intellectual Property Rights.In addition to the above provisions, the right No.11/2008 is the merely cyb ercrime statute in Indonesia, which also includes provisions on e-commerce and e-signature referring to the UNCITRAL Model Law and the EU Directives on such subjects. This is by virtue of the awareness of regulator about inevitable legal convergence of telecommunications, media, and informatics. By means of the principle of neutrality and efficiency, this product of law will be able to encompass the three specialties.Moreover, hacking, according to BATAN is defined as infiltrating or breaching activities into an electronic system without rights, which usually stimulate to misuse or damage the system. Identical definition of hacking is also proposed by David S. Wall which is deliberate unauthorized access to spaces over which rights of ownership or access have already been established. Therefore, hacking can be incorporated into illegal access provisions. In the Article 30, there are three paragraphs that organize illegal access, inter alia 1. Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak atau melawan hukum mengakses Komputer dan/atau Sistem Elektronik milik Orang lain dengan cara apa pun. It means any person on purpose and without right or unlawful access to computers and/or electronic system belongs to any other person in any way.2. Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak atau melawan hukum mengakses Komputer dan/atau Sistem Elektronik dengan cara apa pun dengan tujuan untuk memperoleh Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik. It means any person endeavorionally and without right or unlawful access to computers and/or electronic system in any way aim at obtaining electronic information and/or document. 3. Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak atau melawan hukum mengakses Komputer dan/atau Sistem Elektronik dengan cara apa pun dengan melanggar, menerobos, melampaui, atau menjebol sistem pengamanan. It means any person intentionally and without right or unlawful access to computers and/or electronic system in any way by infiltrating, trespassing, surpassing, and breaking through a warrantor system.The first offenses are to be punished with imprisonment up to 6 years either with or without an administrative fine of up to IDR 600 million. Meanwhile the atomic number 16 offenses are to be sentenced by imprisonment up to 7 years either with or without an administrative fine of utmost IDR 700 million. The latter is to be sanction by imprisonment up to 8 years either with or without an administrative fine of up to IDR 800 million. During the past four years since enactment, a non-finite of hacking incidents have taken place in Indonesia. However, only two cases were successfully expressed and processed in court. The first case is a case of hacking (defacing) the option Committee website in 2004 by Dani Firman. While the second case is a similar case against the website of one Indonesias largest party, Golkar, by Iqra Syafaat. In fact, according to data from the necktie of Indonesian Internet Service Provider (APJII), in 2003 , it has recorded 2267 cases of network incidents and in 2004 there were 1103 such cases. It can be concluded that the cases which fails to trial furthest less.Furthermore, another concern is phishing, defined as the pursuit of personal financial information that is subsequently used to defraud the victim and relies upon the recipients softness to distinguish a bogus email from a real one. Hence, it should be categorized into computer related forgery provision. Article 35 states Setiap Orang dengan sengaja dan tanpa hak atau melawan hukum melakukan manipulasi, penciptaan, perubahan, penghilangan, pengrusakan Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik dengan tujuan nutrient agar Informasi Elektronik dan/atau Dokumen Elektronik tersebut dianggap seolah-olah data yang otentik. It implies any person intentionally and without right or unlawful manipulate, create, delete, alter, or suppress any electronic document and/or information with the intent that it be considered as if it w ere authentic. Accordingly, this breach is to be sentenced up to 12 years in prison and a maximum fine of IDR twelve million. Unfortunately, there is no case hitherto which is brought to court proceeding.Finally, rare incidents of cybercrime exposed and processed in court trial as the aforementioned are caused by several factors, inter-alia the neglect of awareness among users, the absence of single identity number, the reluctance of victims to report, the limitedness of infrastructure or equipment and devices in the field of IT, and also the lack of law enforcement officers who have expertise in the field of IT. 1 . Indonesia Law Number 11/2008 about Information and Electronic Transaction, entryway into force on April 21,2008 2 . See (n 1) art 27 and art 9 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 3 . See (n 1) art 30 and art 2 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 4 . See (n 1) art 31 and art 3 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 5 . See (n 1) art 32 and art 4 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 6 . See (n 1) art 33 and art 5 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 7 . See (n 1) art 34 and art 6 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 8 . See (n 1) art 35 and art 7 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 9 . art 8 in Convention on Cybercrime, Council of Europe, entry into force on July 1, 2004 10 . (n 9) art 11 11 . (n 9) art 10 12 . Indonesia has several Laws on IPR such as Law No.12/1997 about Copyright, Law No.29/2000 about vegetational Variety Protection, Law No.30/2000 about Trade Secrecy, Law No.31/2000 about Industrial Design, Law No.32/2000 about Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits, Law No.14/2001 about Patent, and Law No.15/2001 about label 13 . See UNCITRAL Mode Law on E-commerce onhttp//www.uncitral.org/pdf/english/texts/electcom/05-89450_Ebook.pdf and UNCITRAL Mode Law on E-signature http//www.uncitral.org/uncitral/uncitral_texts/electronic_commerce/2001Model_signatures.html accessed September 28, 2012 14 . (n 1) Explanation 15 . BATAN is an Indonesian government institution which constitutes one of consulting agents of ICT, http//www.batan.go.id/sjk/uuite.html accessed September 29, 2012 16 . Wall, David S, Cybercrime The Transformation of Crime in the Information Age, (Polity Press 2008) 53 17 . (n 1)

Business Essays London Cinema Plan

Business Essays London Cinema PlanWest London flamboyant ClassCinema Business Plan.Executive epitomeNegotiations pee been undertaken to purchase the West London motion picture in Hammersmith. This is a sm each(prenominal), family run motion-picture show which has been having trouble competing since a unexampled multiplex motion-picture show opened in the new shopping centre in Shepherds Bush.The purpose of this business plan is to seek funding for the purchase of the West London picture palace and for the transformation of take leave of it into a gilded Class or high-up type moving picture theatre. This transformation provide involve the renovation of one of the screens, decoration in a categorisey, mental picture theme style and the building of a kitchen and bar land. metal(prenominal) Class depart give patrons the opportunity to watch blockbuster movies from the comfort of luxurious, reclining lounge chairs firearm enjoying food for thought and drinks brought di rectly to them. If this concept flora, then the prospective averers intend to repeat their success in separate run down cinemas across the country.Business Summary The business objectives atomic number 18 to develop one of the current cinemas (which has capacity for 250 patrons) into three Gold Class cinemas each having seating for 30 patrons, decorate the lobby atomic number 18a in a movie theme style and build a kitchen and bar area. Once the indispensable renovations necessitate been completed, the owners lead need to obtain the necessary licensing permissions, hire staff and food market the concept. catamenia Situation and BackgroundAt present West London Cinema is a small, three-screen, family run cinema in West London. opus it has seating capacity for 750 patrons, the run down disposition of the cinema means that on most nights it fails to realise its probable.The cinema has had a comparatively steady customer base, merely the recent source of a multiplex cinema complex in Shepherds Bush has meant that patron numbers call for been down. steady before the opening of the new multiplex cinema, the cinema had already been suffering a downturn since its heyday in the mid-1980s due to external factors. These suffer include a rise in property bells slowly changing the demographics of the pile who live in the area, shifting customer pastime habits (people hasten many more delight options available to them today) and the fact that the window mingled with a release in the cinema and subsequently on DVD has been shrinking and movie buccaneering issues. While these issues have affected the cinema in a negative way, these are also the issues on which the prospective owners believe they can capitalise.This downturn in patron numbers has meant that the cinema is unlikely to make a profit this year and with the current owners not having the funds to invest into upgrading the cinema, it is likely that the this year will be scarce the start of a downward earnings trend for them.In light of this, the current owners have decided to sell the cinema art object it is still showing some profit. This has created the opportunity which is set show up in this business plan.Financial Situation and Legal RequirementsWest London Cinema has been own by the same family since 1975. It has always prided itself on its friendly atmosphere and reasonable prices. Unfortunately, the owners have not always ploughed the cinemas profits back into the business and as such, it has become a little run down with increasing numbers of complaints about uncomfortable seating, poor screen resolution and a unimpressive sullen system.The owners wish to borrow 250,000 pounds to achieve their business objectives.With respect to legal requirements, the owners will need a liquor licence, building approval from their local authority, a hygiene inspection of their kitchen and advice from a solicitor as to whether or not they are able to trademark the Gold Cla ss name.Industry AnalysisIndustry descriptionThe cinema industry as a whole is facing challenges from many situations. Consolidation within the UK market means that four groups (Terra Firma, Blackstone, Vue and National Amusements) now own over 70% of UK screens. This consolidation means that the larger cinemas are better placed to meet the challenges of a quickly changing market place. Unfortunately, the losers in this consolidation of the marketplace and the emerging challenges to the cinema have been the small, family run cinemas.Industry GrowthAcross the industry, tax income growth has been quite strong with exhibitor revenue rising by 59% from 1998 to 2004 to over 900 million (made up of 650 million net box responsibility sales, 204 million net concession revenue and 63 million cinema advertising). Most of this revenue growth was in the multiplex leave-taking of the market where it was noted that the four leading cinema groups had been able to raise their prices even in the face of declining DVD prices. This shows that demand for the cinema experience is more than just the watching of a movie and that a market does potentially exist which the larger multiplexes fail to cater for and that can be exploited by the more agile, smaller cinemas.Future Industry DevelopmentsThe increase in other delight options, for pillow slip computer games, pubs, home cinemas and the ever shrinking window between the release of a movie in the cinema and then onto DVD means that the upcoming of the cinema industry is uncertain. The trend towards consolidation will no doubt continue, but it is interesting to note that the number of multiplexes opening has plateaued, with an average of 25 a year opening between 1998 and 2002, only 6 were opened in 2004. This perhaps signals that the multiplex market has reached its full potential and that the marketplace is stabilising.However, the stabilisation of the market at the top end does not as yet seem to have filtered down to the smaller cinemas and as such, many continue having trouble turn of events a profit. It is the owners belief that the current market is ideal for the development of a new concept which gives movie patrons an entirely unique cinema experience Gold Class.Market SummaryMarket AnalysisThe four possible ways in which the market can be defined are multiplex cinemas all cinemas all ways of watching films (including cinemas, DVDs and pay-television) and all ways of using discretionary spend (including films, going to pubs, clubs or other ways of spending prison term and money in or out of the home).As noted above, it is the prospective owners view that cinemas can no longer taper on the narrow definition of the market. near guidance can be taken from the multiplexes which offer patrons an experience. Often these cinemas are attached to shopping centres and as such going to the cinema is simply part of a persons shopping day. Multiplexes, like the shopping centres to which they are ap pended, rely on the principle that if something is large and earsplitting, no one will dare to think that it is anything but the best and it must be said that they do this well. Teenagers are particularly impressed by this logic.However, to the same extent that teenagers are drawn to large and loud multiplexes, older patrons are repelled by them.Market SegmentationCinema patrons generally fall within the 15-24 year age group with over 53% of people surveyed in this age group having attended the cinema once a month or more. This declines within the 25-34 year old age group to 34% and further within the 35+ age group to 16%.These figures reflect perhaps the fact that older cinema patrons who do not enjoy the nature of multiplexes have limited options with respect to indulging in a cinema experience. Furthermore, along with work and family commitments, older cinema patrons have less free time available to them and more options with respect to how to spend that time. This means that th ey are more likely to want to spend more money when they do go out to make sure that they utilise their time optimally.Market ResearchThe purpose of the market research undertaken was to determine whether the Gold Class concept has been successful elsewhere, to label whether or not Hammersmith is the best location for a Gold Class cinema and to establish a price point for Gold Class tickets, food and drinks.The market research allowed the prospective owners to establish that the Gold Class concept has proven successful in Australia. While it was not possible to obtain pecuniary figures, the prospective owners were able to determine that the concept has been almost for several years and they were able to test it for themselves (a sample menu from an Australian Gold Class cinema is attached at Appendix A and can also be found here http//www.greaterunion.com.au/goldclass/moviemenu.asp).In order to determine whether or not Hammersmith was a reasonable location for a Gold Class cinema , the prospective owners researched the demographic trends and the types of new businesses that were opening in the area. They found that many new business were opening and established businesses were being renovated to meet the tastes of the new residents moving into the area. As such, it was concluded that Hammersmith was a suitable location for a Gold Class cinema.Establishing price points for Gold Class tickets, food and drinks was quite difficult as the measures against which these price points can be determined are not perfect substitutes for each other (ie does a portion of fish and chips in a Gold Class cinema equate to the same meal in a pub?). It was decided that the only feasible approach was to go for higher price points, but offer various promotions which would mean that most people would not end up paying(a) the full advertised price.Competition AnalysisAs noted, the market is extremely concentrated with the multiplexes taking a lions contend of box office receipts. A t the other end of the cinema market, are small, family run cinemas which are often seen by the public as being run down and in need of renovation, but priced competitively. There is little between these two extremes.However, while the multiplexes offer a certain type of experience, the prospective owners believe that there is still a potential untapped niche which small cinemas can exploit and which the multiplexes would have trouble competing with in the short term. Other potential competitors are similar niche cinemas which cogitate on selling a lifestyle (eg cinemas which only screen independent movies).Taking a broader view of the market in which cinemas compete, the market would be the entertainment market generally. People have a limited amount of disposable income and a limited amount of time which can be spent on entertainment. As such, cinemas are also competing with bars, sporting events, home cinemas, travel and restaurants. It is submitted that Gold Class cinemas woul d be a strong competitor in the general entertainment market at a niche level.Competition StrengthsThe main competitor for the proposed Gold Class cinema is the multiplex cinema in Shepherds Bush. The multiplexes strength lies in its buying power and the cinema chains ability to obtain the latest blockbusters at the earliest possible opportunity. Due to the multiplexes size, it has the flexibility to offer promotions and tie-ins beyond anything that a small cinema can offer.In the broader sense, the cinemas other competition comes from the various restaurants and pubs found in the surrounding vicinity. However, they are not necessarily direct competitors and are not mutually exclusive unlike the multiplex (ie a person may go to Gold Class and then a pub, but they are unlikely to go to the multiplex and then Gold Class). That said, the fact that Gold Class will offer food and alcohol means that competition between the cinema and restaurants and pubs in the vicinity will increase.Comp etition WeaknessesThe multiplexes main weakness is that it does not cater particularly well to the older market of cinema patron. Furthermore, at present it does not offer a Gold Class experience and due to its business model of trying to fill large cinemas, it is unlikely that it would guide towards a model which relied on creating smaller, more intimate cinemas.Likewise, it is difficult to imagine restaurants and pubs being able to compete directly with a cinema. They both offer sufficiently different experiences to customers and it is more difficult for restaurants and pubs to add on a movie-like equivalent than it is for a cinema to offer food and alcohol.Development and ProductionSales and sellingUnique selling pointAt present cinemas in the UK do not offer a consecrated Gold Class or VIP cinema going experience. In cases in which such an offering has been tried in the UK, for example, the UGC chain, the idea has met with problems due to the fact that a single cinema isnt ded icated to the Gold Class experience, rather, premium seating is attached to the back section of a standard cinema. In this case, the intention is for the West London cinema to have three cinema screens dedicated for premium customers.The prospective owners recognise the demographic shift in the area around the cinema. With house prices steadily rising, the area around Hammersmith has transformed into a hub for city working people with large amounts of disposable income. This change has been mirrored in the types of new shops and eateries opening up to cater to them. These new residents are willing to spend money for a premium and individual experience.Media and promotion schemaThe intention would be to choose high headline price points but at the same time offer promotional offers which would ensure that most customers never pay the full rate. The media and promotion strategy would focus on teaming up with local businesses and newspapers to offer special promotional packages (for e xample, the local florist could offer a two for one deal with each bunch of roses sold).advertizing campaignThe advertising campaign would be highly targeted and local. It is assumed that people are unlikely to travel a long way to attend a cinema (especially if they have a local one close by). As such, the goal would be to focus on local customers and to ensure that they runed regulars.BudgetA large marketing budget would not necessary as the focus would be on offering promotions such as half price tickets during the day and/or two for the price of one deals can be offered in conjunction with various local business/newspapers reducing marketing costs substantially. As the Gold Class cinema experience is unique, and marketed as an indulgence, it is suggested that many local businesses would be willing to be involved in such promotional activities.While actual advertising costs will be low, printing and distribution costs will still need to be considered.ManagementThe prospective ow ners of the cinema are the brothers James and pitch West. James West has recently completed his MBA and is working for one of the UKs largest cinema distribution companies. Jack West currently works as an advertising executive. In anticipation of a sale, the current owners have taken the last three months to show James and Jack the operational side to running a cinema. Both Jack and James intend to invest 250,000 of their own money and take on this project full-time.In addition, James and Jack have already approached a friend who runs a small restaurant to assist them with the preparation of a suitable menu and have had plans for the refurbishment prepared.It is think that James manage the operational side of the cinema while Jack concentrate on the marketing.Projected sales and pricing strategyPricing strategyA regular ticket at West London cinema is currently 4 during the day and 6 in the evening for an adult. Gold class tickets will be priced at 8 during the day and 12 in the e vening. In addition patrons will be able to buy food and drinks which will be brought into them while the movie is playing. The average price of food items and alcoholic drinks will be approximately 5 10.Financial ConsiderationsThe current owners hold a long-term leasehold interest over the premises at which the cinema is located.The main costs incurred by a cinema relate to the percentage of box office coming back that go to the film distribution companies. The intention behind the Gold Class concept, along with offering patrons the ultimate cinema experience, is to try to increase revenue from those areas of the business which are not subject to distribution company payments (ie food and alcohol).Projected SalesAt present West London cinemas three screens have box office sales of 174,000 to which can be added sales from the kiosk and advertising, taking annual turnover for the cinemas to 228,000. 25% to 50% of the box office takings go to the film distribution companies. Along w ith running costs and wages, gross profits for the cinema last financial year were 56,000.As one cinema will be converted into three Gold Class each having 50 seats, projected box office receipts are expected to remain the same or rise slightly (less seats at a higher price) but more income is expected to be generated from food and alcohol sales. It is anticipate that food and alcohol sales will add 25,000 to the cinemas turnover with 10,000 of this going on higher staff wages meaning that gross profit will be an extra 15,000 per annum.Appendix 1 Three Years profit and loss accounts200820092010Sales300,000500,0001,000,000Costs of Sales(112,500)(187,500)(375,000)Gross Profit187,500312,500625,000ExpensesAdvertising25,00015,00010,000 jargon Charges100100100Insurance1,0001,0001,000Interest 20,00020,00020,000Legal Accounting3,0001,0001,000Office Expenses500500500Postage250250250Rent150001500015000Wages60,00060,00060,000 surround1,0001,0001,000Utilities1,0001,0001,000Total Expenses126, 850114,850109,850Net Income60,650197,650515,150Appendix 2 Three years Balance SheetsAssets200820092010Current AssetsCash675,000870,0001,365,000Inventory15,00015,00015,000Other Current Assets10,00010,00010,000Total Current Assets700,000895,0001,390,000 colossal Term Assets20,00020,00020,000Fixed Assets50,00050,00050,000Property, plant and equipment25,00025,00025,000Accumulated Depreciation5,00010,00015,000Total Assets800,0001,000,0001,500,000Liabilities and Stockholders EquityCurrent LiabilitiesAccounts Payable112,500187,500375,000Current Borrowing250,000200,000150,000Other Current Liabilities126,850114,850109,850Total Current Liabilities489,350502,350634,850Long Term Liabilities60,65060,65060,650Total Liabilities550,000563,000695,500Total Equity250,000463,000804,500Total Liabilities and Stockholders Equity800,0001,000,0001,500,000Appendix 3- SWOT Analysis of BusinessStrengthsThe obtaining of a liquor licence gives the cinema a competitive advantage which is sustainable to a degree. It is unlikely that planning permission for a new cinema would be given by the local Council. As such, as far as cinemas go, a customers only option is to either attend this cinema or the multiplex.WeaknessesIt is not possible to protect the able property behind the concept of a Gold Class cinema.Patrons are only likely to pay a premium price for a movie when blockbuster movies are released. A lack of hit movies could make it difficult to sell tickets.OpportunitiesThere are plenty of small, family run cinemas which are currently struggling. The downcast market and the Gold Class concept give the owners the opportunity to purchase cinemas at a reasonable price and turn them back into profitable enterprises.ThreatsThe Gold Class concept relies on people willing to spend a little more to enjoy a more luxurious cinema experience. If the sparing was to falter, value added businesses like Gold Class cinemas would be the hardest hit.If the concept proved to be a success, there is nothin g stopping the multiplexes from offering a similar service.There is a threat that by offering alcohol in the cinema, the problems associated with anti-social behaviour could follow.Appendix 4 Market SegmentsWhen assessing the market divisions, it is important not to focus too narrowly. While the Gold Class cinema concept may seem to appeal to only a niche market, the fact that most, if not all, adults in the country have been at some point in their lives been to a cinema to see a movie means that those potential customers already share a common conceptual language making it much easier to appeal to them. It is much more difficult to appeal to someone and have them try something they have never done before.As noted above, the percentage of people who often go to the cinema drops off sharply from the age of twenty five. One of the reasons for this is that the choices of entertainment available as people become older increases and the impression of cinemas is that it is the haunt of teenagers who arent old enough to get into bars.However, this is the segment of the market with the most disposable income, who have happy recollections of going to the cinema as youths and are now expect a more grown up experience when going to the cinema. This is the market segment to which Gold Class aims to appeal.BIBLIOGRAPHYCorrigan, P. (2006), The Sociology of Consumption, Sage Publications, London

Women Are The Soul Of Our Community Sociology Essay

Women Are The Soul Of Our Community Sociology EssayIntroduction Status and Social Position of WomenThe women atomic number 18 the soul of our community and they are self build and self trained human responsible for the morale development of their children, inspiration for the family and an example for the community to follow. As a wife, charr is his best friend and inspiration. The history conveys that, Each successful man has an inspiring woman responsible for success.1According to Swami Vivekananda- That country and that nation that do non respect women have never become great, nor ever be in future.According to Historian Romilla Thapper- Within the Indian sub-continent there have been countless variations on the status of women diverging according to culture malice, family structure, class, caste, property rights and morals.Tagores said, Womens are the ornaments of conjunction. The society was male dominated and he ruled mainly by ethics and morals. But now a days womens are enjoying the topmost supremacy and these have won over intelligence and mental capacity of the men. Today if it was that the society was Male-Dominated then india wouldnt have produced highlighting examples such as P.T.Usha-The Women Athlete, Lata Mangeshkar-The Nightingale and the Singer, Sonia Gandhi-Political and Klpana Chawla-The Indian Astronaut. Today the proverb given above has proved true. A woman is the anchor of a family, and concussively that of a nation. The statue of liberty which is symbol of peace and liberty is none early(a) than that of a woman. Therefore, respect women and all life.2In spite of fifty per centum of the population on the world wide, women were not in equal status with men. This differential position causes socialization raises from boys and girls are different roles. As a tralatitious form, the status and social role of the women in every society, specific Indian society have been women are weaker than men. Women are the teachers of the society and they are not competitors. cleaning lady as the mother is the best friend and teacher for the child, e special(prenominal)ly girl child (Firestone, Catlett, 1993, the Mother-Daughter Bond). cleaning lady as friend is an inspiring support for any(prenominal) task. fair sex as wife is a best friend and supportive partner for the husband. Woman as a family member is a best family manager and treat taker of family values and traditions. Women as a community member are an example of love, friendliness, inspiration and the best worker. These are the normal roles and responsibilities performed by the women community around the world. Woman is an all-round biter in the game where, playground is family. The only difference is that, woman is an all-round player at almost all such play grounds around the world. In family, woman is an excellent manger cum worker.3The social stratification of women in-India however leaves them as a second rate citizen. This is no more evident than the vi olence to which a woman is subjected in her domestic setup. Violence against woman is present is every society cutting boundaries of class, culture, education and age. thus far though most societies proscribe violence against woman, the reality is that she is tortured physically, psychologically, sexually and economically, the right to equality, security dignity and self worth are denied to woman. At measure the place where a woman seeks love, safety, security and shelter, becomes a place of terror and violence at the hands of somebody close to them whom they trust.4If we visualize the multiple find of the, woman from various families working for her children, family and herself we will find that there several women working for the development of their respective families. In freehanded sense, they are working for have development of the family, community and society in which they live because community is the united from of varied families. A woman is never appreciated for her indirect participation in this strong development and in the progress of her children, family or external community. She can buoy be said as a silent and selfless leader. We take woman as a strong pillar on which the progress of the family and community depends. If she is educated enough to utilize and manage the family resources in smart manner and every woman does so, than such community will definitely progress irrespective of the variations in the religion, tradition, culture and financial background that are present in any community around the world. There can be many circumstances that can prevent woman from performing at her best. It can be wishing of peer support, illiteracy, deprivation of knowledge, lack of resources or lack inspiration to name few.5Crime, atrocity and violence against woman is a manifestation of the historically unequal origin relations between (revelation of the factual disproportionate forefinger relation among) man and woman, which led to the dom ination of a womans fuller advancement. Violence in the domestic devoid is usually committed by them who are or who have been, is position of trust and intimacy and power-husbands father, brother, uncle sons or other relatives. It does not mean that women are not violent but their actions account for a small percentage of domestic violence. Such as outside homes these type activity boy friend and incomprehensible person.The criminals, atrocious abuser and the abused are tied together because of emotional, physical, biological, familial, residential and financial ties, and are often their intimate partners.6Perpetrators of domestic violence seek power and control over their survivors. The factors which contribute to the continued prevalence of violence are mainly the womens lack of access to legal information, aid or protection (womans lack of deprivation of approach to legal information, to provide support or safeguard) and also the lack of laws that effectively prohibit violence against women.7There is also failure to disentangle existing laws and the efforts made on part of public authorities to promote awareness of and enforce existing laws are also inadequate. The absence of educational and other means to address the causes and consequences of violence is also the reason behind the prevalence of violence.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) declares that Motherhood and childhood are entitled for special care whether born in or out of wedlock shall enjoy the same protection.8The Indian constitution enshrines in Art.14, 15, 39(a) (d) and (e) that the state shall ensure a near social order for women based on equality and dignity. In spite of all these, and on the sacred land of Sita, Sabitri and Damayanti it found that women are being seduced, tortured, and enjoyed and betrayed. In spite of Constitutional guarantees and legal protection there is a rise on the trend of committing offenses against women and the domestic violence is one of them. Women have always compete a specific and crucial role which has been veiled in society and history. Traditionally, the Indian woman has been the keystone of the family and society in general. She creates life, nurtures it, guards and strengthens it. In her task as mother, she plays a vital role in the development of the nation.9Status and social position of women in IndiaWomen in India have been always topics of concern since ancient period. They can as a exact example of perfect home-makers. With their incomparable quality of the calm ness of mind they easily handle even toughest situation as well. The Indian women are fully devoted to their families. They are preached in the names like as Goddess Durga, Goddess Saraswati, Parvati and goddess Kali.10The evolution of the status and social position of women in India11has been a continuous process of ups and downs throughout history. For the purpose of depicting a brief survey of the changing position and role of women in India throu ghout history, four broad periods are consideredAncient PeriodMedieval PeriodModern India PeriodBritish-India Period.After Independence PeriodBrief described each period on following as-

How Will Our Future Be? Essay -- essays research papers

How Will Our Future Be?The way the future is heading seems to be very clear but as before things maychange. The time to come will never reveal itself until it has actually been.From this point of view I will try to describe the way I see the future comingour way.One of the major aspects when discussing the future is how will the law behandled and how designer will be dealt with. Will we be able to decide for us selfwhat we want to do with our lives and will the right of any individual berespected, as written in the constitution. There is no way I could be forced tobelieve otherwise. Our society today is made to decide if every citizen inDenmark should have some sort of card that you used for multiple things. Yourhealth-insurance, drivers licence, personal identification and many otherthings. Some batch say that this is the stock to the completely governmentcontrolled society where your every move is followed by the administration.The year is 2096. We ar standing in the airport near Copenhagen. A lot ofpeople are walking by with their net-agents. A small computer-program that hasbeen trained to inform you on all the things that you find interesting. Toidentify themselves they have their citizen-card plugged into the device. Anagent is barter our net-computer. He wishes to inform us about all theactivities in Copenhagen today but of course only the ones he knows we might beinterested in. The agents are a very handy invention which was created in t...

Discipline In The Classroom: Past And Present Essay -- corporal punish

Discipline in the Classroom Past and Present end-to-end the history of classroom education, many different types ofdisciplinary systems have been applied by teachers and another(prenominal) authority figuresin schools for the sole purpose of controlling disciple behavior. These systemsinclude corporal penalty, psychological abuse or neglect, and assertivediscipline. Although two of these three topics are illegal at this time, theywere wholly widely used in schools across the country a short time ago.Corporal punishment in general can be defined as the infliction of pain in the ass orconfinement as a penalty for an offense committed by a student. During the timethat corporal punishment was used by schools all over the United States andCanada, parents did not have any say in school discipline. It was completely upto the school authority figures on the type of punishment and the severity ofthe punishment given to the student. The classroom teacher had the most say inthe matter sin ce it was the teacher who usually administered the punishment tothe students. Because of this, some teachers (who especially want the idea ofphysical punishment) took advantage of the minor guidelines set by the principalto protect students from excessive physical beatings. These guidelines variedfrom school to school, but often include length, width and thickness of thepaddle or any other weapon used, the amount of times the student may be struckby the weapon, and other minor details approximately other types of physical punishment.The list of weapons that were acceptable for teachers to use include longrubber hoses, leather straps and belts, sticks, rods, straight pins, hard malleable baseball bats, and arrows. If at the time a teacher did not havehis/her weapon, they would often resort to punching, kicking, slapping andshaking as ways to get childrens attention. in any case these common manoeuvresof punishment, other and often more painful techniques were used by teachers.Chil dren in a class for the learning disabled claimed that their teacher, andher aide banged their heads into their desks until some students wereunconscious, depraved their arms, and even tried strangulation. Another teachershook hot tabasco sauce in the mouths of the troublesome student and smeared itin their faces. When parents found out about this specific act of cruelty, theywe... ...hment. This includes writing certain affairs out1000 times, to copying a page of a dictionary for homework. This is an allaround unpleasant thing to do, and is probably one of the better systems used.Throughout all the different discipline plans, each teacher must be positive butstern art object punishing students. Verbal apprehensions in private also may have apositive effect on misbehaving students.Of all the different types of discipline studied, aggressive discipline hasthe most positive results on students. It has been proven to be better atstopping students from unacceptable behaviour, as wel l as not negatively charged thememotionally, or physically. Both Physical and emotional abuse have a verynegative effect on students at the time, and the emotional scars created last alife time.BibliographyCanter, Lee and Marlene Canter. Assertive Discipline. Santa Monica, CALee Canter and Associates, 1992Hyman, Irwin A. Reading Writing and the Hickory Stick. Toronto Lexington withstands, 1990.McManus, Mick. Troublesome Behaviour in the Classroom. New York NicholsPublishing, 1989.World Book Encyclopedia. Toronto World Book Inc, 1991 edition. pp.88--89

Star Trek :: essays research papers

                "Star Trek" A ChronicleSpace... the final frontier. These are the voyages of the Starship"Enterprise." Its continuing mission to explore strange bran-newworlds... to seek out new life and new civilizations... to boldlygo where no one has gone before...The above blurb has been used to introduce the tv set showStar Trek The Next Generation. The shows run has elapsed that ofits predecessor, the original Star Trek. The original spawned half a dozenmovies and endless conventions, and both have given elbow room to actionfigures for children, national clubs, and other variousparaphernalia. This is the chronicle to end all chronicles thefull analysis and timeline of one of the most popular televisionprograms in coeval American history.Americans are fascinated with the possibility of intelligent lifesomewhere else in the universe this has been displayed in booksand plays and movies too numerous t o mention, not to mention theaccounts of " habitual people" who say that they have encounteredaliens and unidentified flying objects (UFOs). This fascinationbecame so great that in the late 1970s, President Carter decidedto launch an investigation within NASA (the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration) to uncover the mystery of UFOs andintelligent life in the universe.Science fiction plays upon this obsession. The great sciencefiction writers have send our imaginations into overload withscores of stories to tell. The two most popular futuristic sciencefiction stories, Star Trek and Star Wars, both have similarcharacteristics. two involve many different species of life (ournearest equivalent would be "races"). The Ferengi, Vulcans,humans, Betazoids, Klingons, Romulans, Cardassians, androids, andBjorans are in the Star Trek series (which includes the originaltelevision series, the six movies, the NextGeneration televisionseries, and the television series Deep Space Nine), while the StarWars movie trilogy includes humans, Wookies, Jawas, Ewoks, droids,Tusken Raiders, and a host of various other strange and exotic looking at lifeforms. Each species has its own heritage, customs,beliefs, and socioeconomic status. I am sure that each sciencefiction storyline has its own unusual breed of lifeform, but this newsprint will examine only a particular science fiction storylinewhich has mushroomed into a cultural obsession. I choose not tofocus on the works of Ray Bradbury and the like Im sure thatthey are superb writers. (A fantastic example is Bradburys "ASound of Thunder," which is the probable predecessor to all oftodays hype border the film Jurassic Park and the childrenscharacter Barney the dinosaur.) However, Ive never heard of a RayBradbury convention, or action figures based on characters hescreated.Star Trek appeared in the right place at the right time.

moralhf Essays - Morality in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn :: Adventures Huckleberry Huck Finn Essays

Morality in The Adventures of huckabackleberry Finn   In every persons life at one point they will have to make a choice ground on their moral beliefs. These decisions can show what a person believes in right from the start. In Mark Twains The Adventures of huckleberry Finn the main character Huck, makes two very heavy moral decisions. The first being how he treats Jim when he first meets him at Jacksons Island and the second is to tear up the letter to Miss Watson out of his love for Jim.   When Huck first runs away from Pap he goes to Jacksons Island and thinks that he is the only person thither. He soon finds out that this is not true, and that Miss Watsons Jim(41) is taking refuge there as well. Many people would hate to be alone on an island with a nigger(43), but Huck is instead happy to have soul to converse with. At first Jim thinks he sees Hucks ghost and is petrified. Huck eases Jims feelings by changing the subject and saying Its good daylight, l es get breakfast(41), showing that Huck is not only real but he does not mind that Jim is black. Jim feels that Huck might tell on him for racecourse away, but he thus decides that it will be okay to tell him why he ran away from Miss Watson. Jim keeps asking Huck if he is going to tell anyone about his running away, and Huck replies People would call me a low down abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum but that dont make no difference I aint gonna tell(43). Hucks response truly shows that his ignorance has no bearing over his moral kindness. When taken into consideration good morality is much more important in the long run than being the most intelligent person. After journeying with Jim for quite some time Huck begins to feel bad about harboring a runaway slave. He decides to write a letter to Miss Watson explaining the whole story, because Jim had been sold and he does not know where he is. Huck was indeed mixed about what he should do so he dropped he dropped to his knees and began to pray.